The Central Nervous System Part II

This topic is all about the part two of the CNS. I've learned that the brain has two parts or divisions. the external anatomy and the internal anatomy of the brain. The external anatomy is composed of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right. Cerebrum has convolutions called gyri and sulci. Gyri are the ridges while sulci are the grooves. The sulci has four divisions of lobes, the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. The frontal lobe is responsible for motor cavities, conscious thought and speech. Parietal lobe is involved with body sense, primary taste and speech. Occipital lobe is responsible for vision and the temporal lobe is involved in hearing and integration of emotions. The other part of the brain is the cerebellum that is posterior to the brain stem and plays an important role in sensory and motor coordination and balance, also considered as the "little brain". The third part of the brain's external anatomy is the brain stem. It is consists of three parts, the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Medulla oblongata is responsible for impulses that control heartbeat breathing and cardiovascular system. Pons plays in role in breathing. Midbrain acts as a two-way conduction pathway to relay visual and auditory impulses. The internal anatomy of the brain is consists of three parts, the cerebrum, diencephalon and the cerebellum. Cerebrum has two parts the gyri and corpus callosum. The diencephalon has four parts, the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body and the pituitary gland. While the cerebrum has a gray matter cortex and a white matter center.

This report could have been much better only if the reporter had made activities regarding this topic.

my fucking video about nails

The Nervous System

The nervous system is the body's computer. It has a sensory input system and the motor output system. The input and output nerves are the PNS and the brain and spinal cord are the CNS. The central nervous system controls all basic bodily functions and responds to external changes. The peripheral nervous system provides a complete network of motor and sensory fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body while the autonomic nervous system parallels the spinal chord but is separately involved in control of exocrine glands, blood vessels, viscera and external genitalia. Like all organs, the components of the nervous system are made up of tissue. Nervous tissue is made up of two different types of cells, the neurons and neuroglia. The neuroglia cells are specialized cells that allow it to perform nervous system functions. In the CNS thee are four types of glial cells, the astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodencytes. Neurons are rather bizarre-looking cells often with many branches and appears to be a tail. Each part has a specific function. An excitable cell carries a small electrical change when stimulated. A cell that is not stimulated or excited is called a resting cell and is said to be paralized. A cell that is more positive than resting is called depolarized. I've also learned that the purpose of meninges is to cover the delicate structures of the brain and spinal cord. There were also common disorders in the nervous system, the inflammation of the peripheral nerves called Guillan-Barre syndrome, meningiti,botulism, etc.


What i could possibly suggest about this topic is that, the report could have been better if the reprorter have made her own blood-waking activities and she must discussed it in her own knowledge having her own examples. However the report have been delivered well.

The Muscular System

This are all of the things that I've learned in the topic muscular system. It was really a huge topic that includes many things. The three main types of muscle are skeletal, smooth and cardiac. The skeletal muscle is striated or striped voluntary muscle that allows movement, stabilizes joints and helps maintain body temperature. Smooth muscle is a nonstriated involuntary muscle that is found in the organs of the body and linings of vessel. The cardiac muscle is also an involuntary muscle but a striated one found only in the heart. I've learned that all movement is a result of contraction of primary movers and relaxation of opposing muscles. muscles are usually attached to the bones by tendons. Large muscles are consist of many single muscle fiber comprised of myofibrils. Muscles contract as the actin and myosin protein filaments. There are also many common diseases and conditions of the muscles.

This topic serves as an interesting one. However, it could have been more effective if we had other activities that are interesting and not boring so that we could understand it further. All in all, the reporter has come up with accomplishing her task.

The Skeletal System

As we continue our journey, there are many things that I've learned. With this topic, I've learned that the skeletal system is a wondrous structure that serves more functions than simply providing a framework for the human body. I've known that we can classify bone types according to their shape. Long bones are longer than they are wide and are found in our arms and legs. Short bones are fairly equal sized in width and length. Flat bones are thinner bones that can be either flat or curved. While the irregular bones are like the parts of a jigsaw puzzle. I've also learned that bones are covered with periosteum which is a tough and fibrous connective tissues. Each bone end is called epiphysis and the regon between the two ends is called the diaphysis. There is also what we call "bone tissue" which has two types, the compact and the spongy bone. I've known that ossification is the formation of bone in the body. Bones grow longitudinally in order to develop height and they grow horizontally in order to be more efficient to support the body weight. Cartilage is a special form of dense connective tissue. It also make a flexibe connection between bones. Joints are formed when two or more bones are joined together. Ligaments are whitish bands that connect from bone to bone.

There are many things that I've learned in this topic. The reporter included everything but it could have been much better if she had activities regarding the topic and had her own examples.

However, this topic includes everything about the skeletal system.

Carbohydrates

What is a carbohydrates? What does it mean? How would you know if you are dealing with carbohydrates? What are the things that compose carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates serve as an immediate source of energy. It is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and Carbohydrates means "sweet carbon". The ending -ose indicates that you are dealing with carbohydrates. The empirical formula of it is: (CH2O)n. There are three groups of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharide is the major source of fuel for metabolism. It is classified based on the placement of carbonyl group, number of atoms and chiral handedness. Aldose if the carbonyl group is an aldehyde and ketose if the carbonyl group is a ketose. Disaccharide is a two joined monosaccharides. While polysaccharides is equal to ten monosaccharides unit.

This topic was the toughest for me. Whew! I really did not get it all because it was discussed too fast. So maybe I could suggest that it will be better if it will be discussed to us slowly and more examples for us to understand further.

Basic Anatomical Terms (Body Region)

Body region is consists of many terms. Let me share to you some of the things that I know when we have this topic in our class. This was the most interesting so far.

When we say cephalic, it is our head. Orbital is located in the eye area, oral is our mouth, otic is the ear, nasal is our nose and buccal is our cheek. When we go lower from our head, we'll found our neck which is what we call the cervical. Our shoulder is the achromial, axillary for our armpit and in the breastbone area we can found the sternal. the upper arm is called the and brachial and antebrachial for the forearmwhile the depressed area in front of our elbow is what we call the antecubital. For our hand we also have terms for it. For our wrist, it is called carpal, our palm is called palmar and our fingers are called digital. Our knee is what we call the patellar and femoral for our upper thigh. Hmm well there are so many terms in this body region. It really includes many terms. Those are just some of them.

Well I really understand this topic so no need for me to suggest something because it was explained well by Sir Greg.

The Cell Division

Whew! I have to deal with so many terms in this particular topic! Well its kinda enjoying! Here, listen to this.

How does cell divides? How does it reproduce? Here is what I've learned about it.

Cell division includes two (2) process. One is the mitosis and the other is the meiosis. There are different stages in the mitosis. First is the late prophase, here the centrioles of the cell move and its nuclear membrane starts to breakdown. Second is the transition to metaphase where in this stage the nuclear membrane of the cell has totally breakdown and is not visible anymore. The third is the metaphase which means "middle", in this stage the mitotic spindle apparatus has already formed and lies on the poles of the nucleus. The chromosomes are lined up along the cell's equator and are attached to the mitotic spindle via microtubules. Next is the anaphase which means "away". The newly formed chromosomes are pulled along the microtubules toward opposite poles of the cell. After that is the telophase, the chromosome have finished their migration and mitotic structures breakdown, the nuclear membrane forms again and the nucleolus reappears again. Lastly is the interphase or what we call the cytokinesis, the division of cell. Meiosis is also a part of the cell divisions but this one is different from mitosis. Meiosis is a one-way process only and is not engaged in a cycle.


When Sir Greg discussed this one to us, first it was really hard to understand but as we go deeper I fully understand how does this thing divides. Well the way that he taught us about this topic was really great because he had his visual aids which helped more for us to be able to understand the topic, but I think the only problem is that it was discussed to us rappidly so maybe it could have been better if we will take it slow. "Slowly but surely"

Vital Sings and Symptoms

Most of us misunderstood what are vital signs and symptoms. Most of the times we were confused.

What are the differences between vital signs and symptoms? Here is what I have learned.

When we say vital signs, it is common and measurable. It helps us to asses the health of our patients. While when we say symptoms, it is more difficult to measure. It needs further examinations. Here are the examples of vital signs:

We have the heart rate, the blood pressure, the body temperature and the respiratory rate. Those are some of the examples of vital signs. While pain is the example for the symptoms.

I have also learned that syndrome is a specific grouping of signs and symptoms. Also, diagnosis is the identification of a disease determined by studying the patient's signs and symptoms. There is also etiology which is the cause of the disease and prognosis as the prediction of the outcome of a disease.

Anatomy and Physiology

Whew! This was our main topic this last three months. This was really a mind breaking topic! It really consists a lot of things. Well how could it not happen? Anatomy is the study of the structures of the plants, animals or the human body both internal and external. While physiology is the study of the functions of the various structures making up the human body. So tell me, how could it not involved many things if it includes the human body structures and functions? Whew! I really have to do this!!..I am about to do this only day!.because tomorrow is the submission!.I wish everybody could appreciate this blog of mine!!!.here it is!!!learn to love it if you want to survive on this subject!!!!